Background: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is congenital or acquired disease affects hypothalamus or pituitary, so the secretion of GnRH, FSH, LH, and testosterone are inadequate. Clinical manifestations both physical and psychological impair patient’s quality of life, so authors try to report this case.

Case description: An 18 years old man complained about a small penis. Small penis cause patient had introvert personality and problems in social relations. On anthropometric status, body weight was below 3^rd percentile, height was below 3^rd percentile, and body mass index (BMI) was thin. The genital examination was 2^nd-grade tanner, penis with 3 cm length and 3 cm circumference, minimal little pubic hair, and testicular volume <2 cc. Ultrasound examination showed no presence of testes in the right or left scrotum fossa, inguinal, and lumbar region. Chromosome analysis showed 46 XY, and hormones analysis found FSH, LH, and testosterone below the normal limit. The patient was given 2000 unit HCG injection and after that FSH, LH, and testosterone hormone increase compared before HCG injections.

Conclusion: HH can impair physical and psychological patient’s quality of life through delays in sexual maturation and bone maturation. Strategies to recognize symptoms in early childhood and puberty induction on time can significantly improve the sexual and reproductive function of HH patients.

Background: Exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) represents a spectrum of genitourinary malformations and associated with another congenital anomaly. EEC is a rare congenital disability. EEC affects the genitourinary system, anterior abdominal wall, musculoskeletal system, spine and anus. The surgical outcome has a lot of potential complications in patient with EEC. The decision to first approach is important for the next step. Herein, we reported a case of EEC with several anomalies.

Case Description: A new-born male was born with section cesarean at 38 weeks of gestation from 34-year-old mother, and this is from the second pregnancy. The weight was 3300 grams, and the height was 48 centimetres. There was an abdominal wall defect with an exposed evaginated bladder plate with urine draining from the defect. A complete dorsally opened urethral plate was seen from the bladder neck down to the glandular grove. The patient was diagnosed with Exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC). A 2 stage repair was conducted in this patient. After 10 days post-operation, the wound became dehiscence and got sepsis postoperatively as well as lead to die in the day 20.

Conclusion: Wound dehiscence following reconstruction is very critical inpatient with EEC. Tension suture and spica cast application can be disadvantageous inpatient with EEC.

Background: The use of interactive media as a health promotion media has continued to develop in the past few decades. This technology is used to manage various acute and chronic diseases, one of which is diabetes mellitus. This systematic review aims to describe an intervention that utilises technology as a tool in the form of interactive media in conducting preventative health promotion and glucose control for type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The databases used include ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords used in article search are research, interactive media, type 2 diabetes, health promotion, telemedicine, web-based, obesity, diabetes exercise, walking, glucose control. Inclusion criteria are 1) articles published in 2014-2018 in English, 2) articles which the main content is about using interactive media for diabetes type 2 problems. Exclusion criteria are 1) literature that is not relevant to the purpose of writing, 2) researching the interactive media but not applied to the problem of type 2 diabetes, 3) duplication, and 4) published articles incomplete. Thus, there were 1442 articles and only 12 articles that were used in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: This systematic review found that the effective results in the implementation of preventive health promotion and glucose control of type 2 diabetes by utilising technology particularly interactive media.

Conclusion: The 12 articles used in this study revealed that the implementation of preventive health promotion by utilising technology particularly interactive media was sufficient to control the glucose levels of among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Radius distal fracture is the most common fracture seen in emergency department which involves the upper extremity. Radius distal fracture can occur in any age, ranging from children, teenager until elderly patients. There is an increasing trend of radius distal fracture. However, the research on radius distal fracture characteristic, especially in Bali, is still limited.

Method: This study was a descriptive-retrospective study which aims to find out the characteristic of radius distal fracture at Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali. For data collection, we used total sampling technique using secondary data from patients’ medical records. The study sample was all patient diagnosed with radius distal fractures between the year 2013-2017 with incomplete medical record as the exclusion criteria.

Result: This study obtained 677 radius distal fracture samples. Most of the patients were male [434 cases (64,1%)] with the most common age range was between 20-29 years old [147 cases (21,7%)]. The most common etiology of radius distal fracture was traffic accident [322 cases (47,6%)]. Fracture of the other upper extremity parts, in addition to radius distal, was the most common complaints accompanying radius distal fractures [333 cases (49,2%]. Based on the length of stay, 84% patients were hospitalized less than 5 days.

Conclusion: Distal radial fracture was commonly seen in men with the age range between 20-29 years old. Traffic accident was the most common cause of distal radial fracture with the average length of stay less than 5 days.

Background: Self-esteem formation is an essential aspect for people who use drugs to support the success of a rehabilitation program, and to prevent ongoing relapse. However, self-esteem formation is not a priority in the rehabilitation program. It also tends to ignore the drug abuse status and psychological states of its clients. This study aimed to explore self-esteem formation among people who are in rehabilitation for drug abuse at the Bangli Mental Health Hospital. Findings from this study provide insights to the hospital on the importance of self-esteem formation through a rehabilitation program.

Metode: A qualitative study was conducted in the Bangli Mental Health Hospital. We recruited a total of ten informants purposively who are in a rehabilitation program for at least two weeks for drug abuse at the Darmawangsa Ward Bangli Mental Health Hospital. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed inductively and were presented using a narrative approach.

Results: Our in-depth interviews found that self-esteem formation among people who are in rehabilitation for drug abuse depends on various factors such as family support, peer support, life experience, skills and traits, spirituality, policies, parenting history, physical and social environments.

Conclusion: Self-esteem formation is determined by various factors and the drug abuse status of informants. We hope that the Bangli Mental Health Hospital can provide rehabilitation services tailored for every drug abuse status during their recovery time at the rehabilitation center.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases with characteristics of hyperglycemia that occur due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin work, or both whereas also impaired lipid peroxidation caused by oxidative stress. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme on the surface of the cell membrane that is responsible for the catabolism of glutathione which acts as a marker of oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the relationship of serum GGT levels with lipid profiles in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 DM.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan from September - November 2018 among 60 patients with type 2 DM grouped according to HbA1c <7% controlled and HbA1C > 7% uncontrolled. GGT levels and lipid profiles examined using enzymatic calorimetry and HbA1c with Immunoturbidimetry method. The relationship of serum GGT levels with lipid profiles in controlled DM-2 was tested using the Pearson correlation test whereas controlled DM-2 correlation test using the Spearman's correlation test using SPSS version 21 for Windows.

Results: Most of respondents were males with HbA1C levels <7% (53.3%) and HbA1C ≥ 7% (60.0%). There was no difference in the mean age and serum GGT levels between uncontrolled DM-2 or controlled DM-2 group (P = 0.260 and P = 0.520, respectively). There was no association between serum GGT levels and lipid profiles in the controlled type 2 DM group and uncontrolled type 2 DM. (r=P> 0.05).

Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between serum GGT levels and lipid profiles in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 DM groups.

Background: Aplastic anemia is a rare disease of anemia which characterized by pancytopenia due to spinal cord hypoplasia. This can occur in people of any age, race, and gender with different degree of severity, with incidence rate is two until three times higher in Asia than the West. This study aims to determine the characteristic of aplastic anemia based on age, gender, laboratory examination, and severity in Sanglah Hospital.

Methods: This research is a cross sectional descriptive study with sources of data were medical records of aplastic anemia patients at Sanglah Hospital in the last 2 years, 2017-2018. Distribution of research variables is gender, age, laboratory examination, and severity.

Results:The result showed that 11 data were 6 (55%) male and 5 female (45%), with the mean age was 48 ± 14 years. The highest incidence occurred in the age range of 26-60 years old with 7 patients (64%). In this study the average hemoglobin level obtained was 9.94 ± 1.46 g/dL with range between 6.65 to 12.49 g/dL. The average number of leukocytes was 11.91 ± 24.52 x 10⁹ L with range of leukocytes is 1.99-84.58 x 10⁹/L. The average number of absolute Neutrophils and percent was 1.53 ± 1.52 x 10⁹/L and 25.99 ± 25.79% with range between 0.06 – 4.53 x 10⁹/L and 2.3 - 70.83%. The average platelet count was 24.77 ± 11.35 x 10⁹/L with range between 4.25 – 42.58 x 10⁹/L. The highest cases were nonsevere aplastic anemia (NSAA) with 7 people (64%).

Conclusion: The value of laboratory parameters for complete blood examination (leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, and neutrophils) in patients with aplastic anemia at Sanglah General Hospital is still very low, so it is a challenge for clinicians to carry out treatment of aplastic anemia and management related complications.

Background: Common nutritional problems in pregnant women are chronic energy deficiency (CED). CED in pregnant women is a state of the mother lack of energy and protein intake during the period of pregnancy which can lead to the occurrence of health problems in the mother. This study aims to determine factors assoIKated with CED among pregnant women at UPT Puskesmas I Pekutatan, Jembrana, Bali.

Methods: A case control study was conducted among 36 respondents, 12 cases (KEK) and 24 control (Non-KEK). The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. Affordable populations in this study were pregnant women recorded in medical records data at UPT Puskesmas I Pekutatan period 01 January-31 May 2017. The data were collected by interview using questionnaire and assessed using SPSS software version 20 for Windows. Existing data were analyzed by univariate and Fisher's exact bivariate with odds ratio calculation (OR).

Results: About 13 respondents (36,1%) are <20 years old /> 35 years old with the most recent education is graduated from SMA that is 20 respondents (55,6%). Most respondents did not work (91.7%) and had low economic status (30.6%). Most of the respondents had children <2 (69.4%). Economic status (OR = 115; 95% IK: 9,3-1418), education level (OR = 2,3; 95% IK: 0,5-9,5), age (OR = 7,6; 95% IK: 1.6-35.9), gestational distance (OR = 11; 95% IK: 1.7-69), number of parities (OR = 7.6; 95% IK: 0.7-83.7) , And visit frequency of ANC (OR = 5; 95% IK: 0,9-26,4).

Conclusion: The characteristic and frequency of ANC visit among pregnant women are risk factors of KEK occurrence in pregnant mother, so it is expected to provide information related to risk factors of KEK by health personnel in Puskesmas I Pekutatan, state of Jembrana.

Introduction: Diarrhea is still a public health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. Breast milk is one of the important factors to reduce mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding to the occurrence of acute diarrhea. This research is analytic research with cross sectional method.

Method: The study was carried out in Community Health Centre III Subdistrict of North Denpasar from October to November 2018. The research subjects were taken by consecutive sampling. Data analysis used the prevalence ratio calculation and chi square test to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea.

Result: In this study the results of acute diarrhea patients in the exclusive breastfeeding group were 17 children and non-exclusive breastfeeding as many as 31 children. Subjects who did not experience acute diarrhea in the excluded breastfeeding group were 28 children and in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group as many as 14 children. The results of statistical analysis showed the value of p=0.003 (p<0.05)  PR=0.514 CI 95% (0.115-0.656).

Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding has a significant relationship with the incidence of acute diarrhea and is a protective factor for the incidence of diarrhea.

Introduction: Increased obesity rates in adolescents can lead to the emergence of new risk populations for the occurrence of sleep disorders. The emergence of sleep disorders will have a direct impact on decreasing the quality of sleep. This study aims to determine the effect of obesity on the sleep quality of students of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University.

Method: The study design was cross sectional analytic with a total sample of 74 students of the Medical Faculty of Udayana University (37 samples of the Body Mass Index (BMI) obesity and 37 samples of the normal BMI). Sample selection is done randomly. Measuring sleep quality was done through filling in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and measuring obesity was done by calculating BMI. The answers to the questionnaire were scoring and based on the global score, sleep quality was categorized into poor and good sleep quality. The PSQI questionnaire also included questions about health problems experienced by students in the past month. Data analysis is presented in the form of tables and narratives.

Result: The results showed that in the obese student group there were 22 samples with poor sleep quality (53.7%) and 15 samples with good sleep quality (45.5%). In the normal IMT student group there were 19 samples with poor sleep quality (46.3%) and 18 samples with good sleep quality (54.5%). In 20 students with health problems, there were 15 samples with poor sleep quality and 5 samples with good sleep quality. In 54 students without health problems, 26 samples with poor sleep quality and 28 samples with good sleep quality. Analysis using chi-square showed obesity did not have a significant effect on sleep quality (p = 0.483). There was a significant effect of health problems on sleep quality (p = 0.039).

Conclusion: Conclusions of the study were obesity did not have a significant effect on the quality of sleep of students of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University.

Pendahuluan: Tuberkulosis paru adalah penyakit reemerging dan masih ditemukan di Provinsi Bali. Untuk mengurangi bertambahnya TB paru dan masalah yang ditimbulkan, perlu dilakukan penanganan awal yang dapat dilakukan yaitu di lingkungan keluarga. Selain untuk menyembuhkan pasien dan mencegah kematian, tujuan pengobatan TB lainnya yaitu mencegah kekambuhan dan memutuskan rantai penularan.

Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran aspek lingkungan dan perilaku pencegahan penularan tuberkulosis paru pada pasien TB Paru di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Dawan I

Metode: Penelitan ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional pada populasi pasien TB paru di Puskesmas Dawan I, Klungkung. Sampel ditentukan melalui total sampling, yaitu pasien tuberkulosis dengan BTA (+) selama tahun 2016-2017. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa kuesioner tentang gambaran aspek lingkungan dan perilaku pencegahan penularan tuberkulosis paru. Data yang telah terkumpul dianalisa secara deskriptif dengan program SPSS.

Hasil: Gambaran responden yaitu 68,4% usia produktif; tamatan SMA 42,1%; PNS/pensiunan dan buruh 31,6%; keluarga kurang mampu 47,4%. Pada aspek lingkungan penderita TB, pencahayaan cukup 68,4%; kamar mandi cukup 89,5%; penghuni 1-3 orang 63,2%; luas ventilasi kamar tidur kurang 57,9%. Pada aspek pengetahuan mayoritas pengetahuan masyarakat tentang TB sudah baik.

Simpulan: Sebagian besar penderita TB paru berada pada rentang usia produktif, jenis kelamin perempuan, berpenghasilan rendah, tingkat pendidikan rata-rata SMA. Mayoritas responden memiliki tempat tinggal dan pencegahan penularan penyakit yang sudah baik.

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. The etiology of colorectal carcinoma is an unhealthy lifestyle and a poor diet such as excessive consumption of fat. This study aims to determine the characteristic of the clinicoopatological on colorectal carcinoma patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar 2013-2017.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a purposive sampling technique, on all patients who met the inclusion criteria. The tools used in data collection are medical records and their complaints that are found in the Anatomy Department of Sanglah Hospital. Data recorded includes age, grade, stage, and histopathology. The data analysis method uses SPSS version 17 for Windows.

Results: A total of 121 cases were collected where most were in the age range of 50-60 years, as many as 48 cases (39.7%). In addition, Grade 2 was 98 cases (81.0%), followed by histopathological type with adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified as many as 118 cases (97.5%). Stadium 2 cases were 65 cases (53.7%), and 72 cases (59.5%) were males.

Conclusion: Most cases are in the range of 50-60 years of age which is followed by Grade 2, histopathological type of adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, stage 2 and male sex

Background: Tinea capitis is a type of dermatophytosis (skin disease) caused by the infection of dermatophytes. It is generally caused by the dermatophyte species of Microsporum and Trichophyton. It has been known to be able to spread human to human and animal to human. It is also almost commonly found in the prepubertal age and very rare among the adults of either gender. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Tinea capitis in children by age, sex, clinical manifestation, laboratory tests, and treatments.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study from the medical records of patients with Tinea capitis was conducted at Dermato-Venereology Outpatient Clinic RSUP Sanglah from 2014 to 2017. A total of 5 research variables were identified for this study: age, sex, clinical manifestation, laboratory tests, and treatment. The data was then analyzed and interpreted and further presented in forms of description, tables and graphs in this study by using SPSS version 17 for Windows

Results: A total of 32 patients were identified as having Tinea capitis from the period of 2014–2017. There was a slightly higher prevalence in the male gender (56.25%) compared with female gender (43.75%). The highest prevalence of the disease was found in the age groups of 1 – 5 and 6 – 10 years old with 43.75% respectively. Majority of the patients showed the presence of grey patch on their scalp on examination (53.13%). The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum had the highest isolation in comparison with other dermatophytes at 25.00%. The patients were almost all treated with oral Griseofulvin.

Conclusion: The majority diagnosis of Tinea capitis was found in group 1-5 and 6-10 years old and had a grey patch appearance, whereas Trichophyton rubrum as the highest isolation in comparison with other dermatophytes

Background: The homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of the first cell-β (B) and insulin (IR) function is used to determine insulin sensitivity and cell-β function of insulin plasma concentrations and fasting glucose. High extracellular glucose levels will trigger an increase in ROS production (which in turn will increase the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species) expression of TNF α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) and exacerbate oxidative stress. The study aimed to determine the relationship between TNF α and HOMA-IR in type 2 DM.

Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at the H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan from December-February 2018 in 43 patients with type 2 DM. Fasting insulin levels were examined using Celuminescence Microparticle Immunoassay and fasting glucose levels with Enzymatic and TNF α methods with the Elisa method. The relationship of the characteristics of TNF α levels with HOMA-IR in type 2 DM using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test used the Spearman's rank correlation test with SPSS version 20 for windows.

Results: The total sample was 43 samples of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most of the respondents were male (62.8%) and had a median age of 57 (39-87) years. In this study, the TNF-alpha levels were 87.28 (18.43-846.05) pg/ml. While the HOMA-IR level was 3.36 (0.41-25.82). There was no significant correlation between serum TNF α levels and HOMA-IR in type 2 DM patients (P> 0.05).

Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between TNF α levels and HOMA-IR in type 2 DM patients.

Background: Medical students are required to develop ability and clinical skill to carry out the profession. Soft skill is also important to enhance the students’ performance when facing real-life situation in community. It can be developed through extracurricular activity which trains positive behavior, time management, and social aspect. This study was aimed to explore the correlation between extracurricular activities and academic performances among medical students in preclinical phase.

Summary of Work: A cross-sectional study with total of 221 medical students of Udayana University in preclinical phase. Data were taken from data collecting by Student Executive Board for Credit Point of Participation which was the indicator of extracurricular activities and grouped into active and not active. Data were also taken from Academic Affair’s registered data (Grade Point Average (GPA) and gender). GPA was the indicator of academic performance and grouped into good and average. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis (Chi Square Test with Cramer’s V).

Summary of Results: From 221 medical students (males 43.9%; females 56.1%), 48% are active participants of extracurricular programs. Fifty-nine medical students had good GPA and 162 medical students had average GPA. The mean score of Credit Point of Participation are 116.545±65.79 and GPA is 3.3781±0.282 (out of possible 4). Our study showed a positive correlation between extracurricular activities and academic performance (r=0.2; p=0.003).

Discussion & Conclusions: Medical students who are active participants in extracurricular programs have better academic performance than those who are passive. This finding may have similar result to some previous studies. Extracurricular activities lead to positive impact in academic achievement, because it can decrease any academic stress and tension, which lead into more productivity in their learning.

Background: Standard values related to age for penis size can help for early diagnosis and treatment of potential diseases. Rapid changes in growth and interindividual differences can occur during infancy and puberty. Therefore, micropenis data during newborns are beneficial for clinical evaluation and prognosis.

Aim: This study aims to find out whether birth weight > 4000 grams and testis size <0.52 cm are risk factors for micropenis prevalence in newborns.

Methods: This study used a descriptive-analytical cohort study involving 85 research subjects, namely healthy newborn boys who did not experience hypospadias, severe chordae, ambiguous penises. Respondents contributed to physical examinations and investigations following the standard procedure in the analysis of the weight, gestational age, and size of the testis. The study also evaluated the risk factors for micropenis in the form of a history of maternal hormonal birth control.

Results: The micropenis was categorised to be <1.8 cm, which was obtained from <2.5 SD mean where the size of penis length in this study was achieved with a mean of 2.08 cm. The results of the multi-variate test showed that birth weight> 4000 grams was the most dominant risk factor causing micropenis. The positive B value with a value of 5.13, which means birth weight> 4000 grams has a positive relationship with the incidence of micropenis. The newborn weight was obtained about p = 0,000 (95%CI: 11,29-2558,17) with OR 170 which mean that there was an effect of birth weight on the incidence of micropenis where birth weight> 4000 grams had a chance of micropenis by 170 times.

Conclusion: Weight> 4000 grams became the most dominant risk factor for micropenis having probabilities for a micropenis approximately 170 times.

Background: Pneumonia is one of the diseases in children with high morbidity, especially in children under 5 years old. In developing countries, the most common cause of pneumonia is bacteria. There is a newer method that gives a better reflection of the aetiology, which is the sputum examination. This study aims to determine the suitability of sputum and blood culture in children with pneumonia at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Respirology Subdivision in Department of Child Health Sanglah Hospital from November 2016 until February 2017. A categorical comparative matching was carried out between 2 formula groups. The sputum culture and blood culture were obtained through Microbiology Laboratory at Sanglah General Hospital. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16 for Windows.

Results: There were 50 children with pneumonia enrolled in this study. The children aged less than 1 years old were predominant (62%). There were a statistically systematic difference and only a fair agreement between blood and sputum culture (ĸ=0.257; p= 0.004). In a subject with positive sputum culture, 90.9% had a better outcome than the positive blood culture even though no statistically significant (RR=0.23; 95%CI: 0.15-22.53)

Conclusion: There is suitability between the culture of sputum and blood cultures in children with pneumonia. Sputum culture has a higher probability to reveal the microorganism compared to blood cultures.

Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women around the world. In Indonesia, breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women. Previous studies have shown that female students have limited knowledge of breast cancer. This study is aimed at assessing the level of breast cancer knowledge among female high school students in Santo Yoseph School, Denpasar.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 96 female high school students in Santo Yoseph School, Denpasar, was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire.  Questions asked in the questionnaire were about general knowledge of breast cancer, risk factors towards breast cancer, signs and symptoms of breast cancer and knowledge of Breast Self-Examination. The data was tabulated by scoring only the correct answers and analysed using SPSS version 17 for Windows.

Results: The result of the study showed that high school female students had moderate to good knowledge of breast cancer. Fifty-three (55.2%) female students had average knowledge and forty-three (44.8%) female students had good knowledge of breast cancer. The majority of the participants, seventy-five (78.1%) of them, knew that breast cancer was the leading cause of death among women in Indonesia.

Conclusion: The recent findings showed that female high school students had good knowledge of breast cancer. Good knowledge of breast cancer is important for girls and women equally.

Background: Low back pain is one of the health problems that are often encountered in workers. Some risk factors for low back pain are non-ergonomic sitting position, duration of work, working period, and rest breaks. Woodcarving craftsmen in Pupuan Village have a risk to experiencing low back pain complaint. The purpose of this study is determine whether sitting behaviors is related to low back pain.

Methods: An analytical observational study, designed in the form of a cross sectional study to determine the relationship between sitting behaviours with low back pain in Pupuan Village. Samples selected by a non-random consecutive sampling produced 69 samples and analysed using SPSS version 17.

Results: Most respondents complained of back pain (89.1%), especially in the lower back (85.5%), after work (95.2%), and improved with changes in sitting position (95.2%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between age, sitting position, duration of work, length of work, and rest periods with complaints of low back pain (P <0.05).

Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, sitting position, duration of work, working period, and rest breaks with of low back pain complaint in wood carving craftsmen in Pupuan Village.

Background: Preeclampsia is an exclusive disorder in pregnancy characterised by hypertension as well as proteinuria and is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity of pregnant women. This study aims to determine the characteristics or risk factors in preeclampsia patients who delivered through caesarean section within the period of January 1^st to December 31^st 2018 in Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar.

Methods: This study used a retrospective descriptive study design by using 34 samples of preeclampsia patients in 2018 who underwent caesarean delivery in Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar. The characteristics of these pregnant women are categorized into their age, education level, Body Mass Index (BMI), ethnicity, occupation, education level, previous history of preeclampsia, family history of preeclampsia, existing chronic hypertension, parity, number of fetus in womb, frequency of Antenatal Care (ANC), and registration method. Data were analysed by SPSS version 17 for windows.

Results: The preeclampsia sufferers were dominated by the age group of 20-35 years as many as 27 people (79.4%). The highest body mass index is in the 1 obese group of 10 people (29.4%). The majority of respondents were from Bali (61.8%). Working women were predominant (67.6 %), followed by SMA education level (14.7%), existing chronic hypertension (5.9%), nulliparous (41.1%), single fetuses (94.1%), and total frequency of ANC to midwife/obstetrician consisting about 61.8%.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the majority of the patients were in the age range of 20-35 years, were Balinese and had a BMI range of Obese I. Moreover, most the preeclampsia patients in this study were working women and had an education level mostly in SMA

Background: Panic disorder is diagnosed in people who experience spontaneous, seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks and are very preoccupied with the fear of a recurring attack. Panic disorder usually begins in adulthood (after age 20) and can interfere a lot with daily life, causing people to miss work, go to many doctor visits, and avoid situations where they fear they might experience a panic attack. This study aims to determine the prevalence of panic disorder among English Class students at Medical Faculty, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia in 2018

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 89 medical students from English Class at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana in 2018 using total sampling techniques. A self-administered questionnaire was carried out to determine the prevalence of panic disorder by several valid and reliable questions. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 for Windows and presented in frequency and percentage.

Results:  Most of the respondents were 20 years old (57.3%). There are only 12.0% of English class Semester 7 students are free from panic disorder, 51.0% suffers from mild panic disorder, and 37.0% suffers from moderate panic disorder. Around 64% of female respondents have panic disorder while 34% in male respondents. Female respondents are tended to get more panic attacks than male respondents in a ratio of 2:1.

Conclusion: Female medical students tend to have a higher risk of panic disorder compared with males. The majority age of students suffering from panic attacks is from 20 to 23 years old.

Introduction. Wound healing is a complex biological process involving four stages, i.e., hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. In the proliferation phase, there is an increase in the number of fibroblas cells. Morinda citrifolia is a fruit that contains the antioxidant compound, Quercetin. These antioxidant properties are thought to be able to accelerate the process of wound healing through the process of modulating the oxidative process and improving skin microstructure. The relationship of Quercetin to fibroblas cells which plays an essential role in the proliferation phase is not yet fully known. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Morinda citrifolia extracts on the number of fibroblas cells during the process of wound healing in Wistar rats.

Method. Experimental, post-test with control group study was conducted using 24 rats divided into four groups. In group I, rats were treated with incisions and given a Placebo cream, groups II, III and IV were given incisions and cream containing ethanol extract of Morinda citrifolia 5%, 10%, and 20% respectively. The number of fibroblass was calculated using the digital analysis method using Image Raster 3 Software. The number of fibroblas cells was calculated as the percentage of fibroblas cells seen in the field of view. Data analysis conducted with the One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc LSD test.

Results. The control group had an average number of fibroblas cells 23.3% ± 1.9%. The mean fibroblas cells in the intervention group with extracts of 5%, 10%, 20% were 27.6% ± 6.7%, 38.3% ± 8.8% and 22.3% ± 2.7%, respectively. The ANOVA test results showed a significant difference in the number of fibroblass between treatment groups (p<0.001). Post-hoc LSD test shown that only the treatment group with 10% extract showed a difference in the average number of fibroblas cells compared to the other groups.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening condition where coronary artery blockage results from thrombosis and leads to ischemia. Individuals with partial deficiency of protein C, protein S or antithrombin III have been found to play a role in increasing the risk of thrombosis. This study aims to determine differences in levels of protein C, protein S and antithrombin III in patients with ACS.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 60 patients who were treated at H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan and had fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria through consecutive sampling techniques. Protein C, protein S and antithrombin III were examined with Coatron A4. Bivariate analysis was used to determine differences in the mean levels of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III in ACS compared with healthy controls. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 for Windows.

Results: There were a significant difference in S protein levels between the STEMI, NSTEMI, and control groups (P <0.05). S protein levels in the STEMI group were significantly lower compared to NSTEMI and control (P <0.05). However, there were no significant differences in levels of protein C and AT-III between the STEMI, NSTEMI and control groups (P> 0.05).

Conclusion: There were no significant differences in ATIII and protein C levels between the STEMI, NSTEMI, and ATIII groups. However, in the S protein parameter, the S protein level was significantly different between STEMI, NSTEMI and the control group.

Background: Stroke is a disease that affects straightly to the brain. Stroke occured due to obstruction of blood vessel that contain blood-transporting  nutrients to the brain, which lead to impairment in brain function, as well as cognitive function. Because of  unavailibility of data in Sanglah General Hospital, this research must be done. This study aims to determine the cognitive function profile of post ischemic stroke patient in Sanglah General Hospital based on 5 cognitive domains.

Methods: This study is an observational study, collecting data by cross sectional. Data sources were obtained from primary data in the form of interview and MoCA-Ina Test with data retrieval methods using totally sampling technique. The accessible population was patients post ichemic stroke in Sanglah General Hospital that is in a good awareness and fit for MoCA-Ina test.

Results: From 26 patients that are accessible, 21 patients were diagnosed with cognitive impairment, which the majority in 41-50 range of age with 9 patients, male with 14 patients, last education of Junior High School with 7 patients, and memory being a domain which is most impaired with mean of 55,38% score.

Conclusion: The most affected domain is after an ischemic stroke is memory and visuospacial function

Background: The role of both Euphorbia milii and Propolis is to increase the effectiveness in pathological condition of the body part damaged, include renal function in maintaining the homeostasis. That combination into mice which are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis will change the total number of glomerulus in the kidney.

Aim: The study aims to determine the effect of combination tea from Euphorbia milii and Propolis on the number of the glomerulus in mice infected by M. tb.

Method: This study confirmed randomized post-test only control group design consisting of 24 mice divided into six groups (G1-G6). E. milli flowers are obtained from flower plantations, in Ketewel, Gianyar, Bali Province took in fresh and dark red sampling. M. tuberculosis used H37Rv strain (ATCC27294) grown on Middlebrook 7H9 liquid medium for two weeks.

Result: It was found that Group 3 and Group 5 from the treatment group has the most significant average number of glomerulus which was 13, followed by Group 2 and Group 6 from the control group has the largest average number of glomerulus which was 12. The differences were not significant between groups with P = 0.463 (P <0.05).

Conclusion: The Euphorbia milii tea and its combination with Propolis does not affect histological change on the total number of glomerulus in mice infected with M. tb.

Latar Belakang: Indonesia memiliki angka beban stroke terbanyak kedua setelah Mongolia yaitu sebanyak 3.382,2/100.000 orang berdasarkan DALYs (disability-adjusted life-year). Berdasarkan profil kesehatan provinsi Bali, tipe stroke yang memiliki tingkat prevalensi yang tinggi adalah stroke iskemik. Strategi praktis dalam mengatasi beban akibat stroke harus difokuskan pada pencegahan dan penanganan berdasarkan faktor risiko. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor risiko dengan tingkat risiko penderita stroke iskemik yang rawat inap di RSUD Klungkung Bali periode Oktober 2017 sampai dengan September 2018.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional. 65 Subyek penelitian yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi, diambil dari data rekam medis pasien stroke iskemik yang rawat inap di RSUD Klungkung. Variabel yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, tekanan darah, kadar kolesterol, riwayat merokok, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), aktivitas fisik, riwayat diabetes, riwayat fibrilasi atrium, dan riwayat stroke dalam keluarga.

Hasil: Dari total 65 pasien stroke iskemik yang rawat inap di RSUD Klungkung, paling banyak berada pada kelompok usia ≥ 55 tahun – 64 tahun dengan usia rerata 61,45 ± 12,016 tahun. Pasien berdasarkan jenis kelamin didominasi oleh laki-laki dengan perbandingan kejadian stroke iskemik antara laki-laki dan perempuan sebesar 2,4:1. Hasil penilaian tingkat faktor risiko dengan Stroke Risk Scorecard (SRS), 51 orang (78,5%) memiliki risiko tinggi, 9 orang (13,8%) memiliki risiko sedang, dan 5 orang (7,7%) memiliki risiko rendah.

Simpulan: Uji statistik chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat risiko stroke iskemik dengan indeks massa tubuh, tekanan darah, riwayat merokok, riwayat diabetes, dan kadar kolesterol (p<0,005).

Introduction: Indonesia is the second highest country of stroke burden after Mongolia, which are 3,382.2 / 100,000 people based on DALYs (disability-adjusted life-year). Based on the health profile of the province of Bali, the type of stroke that has high prevalence rate is ischemic stroke. Practical strategies in overcoming the burden of stroke must be focused on prevention and treatment based on risk factors. The study aims to determine the relationship between risk factors and the level of risk of ischemic stroke patients hospitalized at RSUD Klungkung Bali.

Methods: This study is observational analytic study with a cross sectional design that includes 65 patients taken from the medical records. The variables studied are age, gender, pressure blood, cholesterol levels, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, history of diabetes, history of atrial fibrillation, and history of stroke in the family. Data analysis techniques used were univariate analysis and bivariate analysis.

Result: The most characteristics based on age group is ≥ 55 years - 64 years with an average age of 61.45 ± 12.016 years. Patients are dominated by men (2,4:1). The assessment of the level of risk factors in each sample using the Stroke Risk Scorecard (SRS), 51 people (78.5%) had a high risk, 9 people (13.8%) had moderate risk, and 5 people (7.7%) has a low risk of ischemic stroke.

Conclusion: The chi-square statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the risk level of ischemic stroke with body mass index, blood pressure, smoking history, history of diabetes, and cholesterol levels (p<0,005).

Latar Belakang: Obesitas adalah suatu keadaan terjadinya penumpukan lemak tubuh yang berlebih, sehingga berat badan seseorang jauh melebihi norma. Pemasalahan gizi lebih di Indonesia harus mendapatkan perhatian, prevalensi obesitas pada anak di indonesia terus meningkat. Pada tahun 2007 sebesar 7,95%, di tahun 2013 meningkat menjadi 18,8%.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskrtitif dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan persepsi ibu terhadap obesitas pada anak usai sekolah dasar. Sempel dari penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 92 responden, dengan teknik pengambilan sempel random sampling dan penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur kuesioner

Hasil: Ibu yang memiliki persepsi positif terhadap obesitas pada anak sebanyak 56,5% sedangkan ibu yang memiliki persepsi negatif terhadap obesitas pada anak sebanyak 43,5%

Simpulan: Masih banyak ibu yang menganggap bahwa obesitas pada anak bukan maslah bagi ksehatan anak.

 

Introduction: Obesity is a condition where there is excess body fat accumulation so that a person's weight is far above normal. The current problem of overnutrition in Indonesia must get attention; the prevalence of obesity in children in Indonesia continues to increase in 2007 by 7.95% and increased to 18.8% in 2013.

Method: This study is a descriptive study with a cross sectional study design that aims to describe mothers' perceptions of obesity in children after primary school. The samples from this study were 92 respondents, with random sampling technique and the research using a questionnaire measuring instrument.

Result: Mothers who have a positive perception of obesity in children as much as 56.5% while mothers who have a negative perception of obesity in children as much as 43.5%.

Conclusion: Based on these results it can be concluded that there are still many mothers who consider that obesity in children is not a problem for children's health.

Latar Belakang: Demam tifoid merupakan penyakit endemik Indonesia, yang disebabkan oleh infeksi dari bakteri Salmonella typhi. Bakteri ini dapat ditularkan melalui makanan dan juga minuman yang terkontaminasi bakteri tersebut, bisa juga akibat dari terkontaminasi dari tinja maupun urin dari orang yang telah terinfeksi bakteri tersebut. Penegakan untuk diagnosis demam tifoid saat ini dapat dilakukan secara klinis maupun dengan cara pemeriksaan laboratorium. Salah satunya ialah uji serologis yang dapat digunakan dalam demam tifoid meliputi tes Tubex.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Data dalam penelitian ini berasal dari sumber data primer berupa pengambilan serum pasien di Puskesmas Denpasar Timur I sejumlah 33 sampel.

Hasil: Pasien yang berobat ke Puskesmas Denpasar Timur I didapatkan kelompok yang paling banyak ialah perempuan 81,9% sedangkan laki-laki 18,1%. Sebanyak 100% datang dengan keluhan demam, sebanyak 63,7% datang dengan keluhan mual dan muntah 9,0%.

Simpulan: Hasil IgM anti-Salmonella thypi 09 positif sebanyak 9,1% dan IgM anti-Salmonella thypi 09 negatif sebanyak 90,9%.

Introduction: Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in Indonesia, which is caused by an infection of the bacterium Salmonella typhi. These bacteria can be transmitted through food and beverages contaminated with these bacteria, can also be caused by contamination of feces and urine from people who have been infected with these bacteria. Enforcement for the diagnosis of typhoid fever can now be done clinically or by laboratory examination. One of them is the serological test that can be used in typhoid fever including the Tubex test.

Method: This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The data in this study came from primary data sources in the form of taking serum of patients in the East Denpasar Health Center I with 33 samples.

Result: Patients who went to the East Denpasar Public Health Center I, found the most group was women 81.9% while men 18.1%. As many as 100% came with complaints of fever, 63.7% came with complaints of nausea and vomiting were 9.0%.

Conclusion: The positive results of anti-Salmonella thypi 09 were 9.1% and negative IgM anti-Salmonella thypi 09 as much as 90.9%.

Introduction: Central obesity is condition there is an accumulation of intraabdominal and subcutaneous fat that occurs in the abdominal area which can cause insulin resistance so that glucose is difficult to enter the cell and causes blood glucose levels to increase in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Waist circumference is one indicator used for measure central obesity. This study aims to determine the relationship between central obesity and HbA1c levels.

Methods: This study was observational analytic with a cross sectional approach. The study population was adults aged 30-50 years in the Batursari, Bitera Village, Gianyar. Data taken included age, sex, occupation, waist circumference, BMI, HbA1c levels in 50 respondents taken by purposive sampling method. The relationship between central obesity and HbA1c levels was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with a significance level of 0.05.

Result: The majority of the sample were central obesity based on waist circumference (60%). The number of respondents with HbA1c level ≥ 6.5% by 30%. Pearson Product Moment correlation test between central obesity and HbA1c level with p = 0.001 and Pearson Correlation r = 0.456.

Conclusion: There is a significant positive relationship between central obesity and HbA1c levels

Latar Belakang: Obesitas sentral adalah suatu keadaan dimana adanya akumulasi lemak intraabdominal dan subkutan yang terjadi di daerah abdomen yang dapat menyebabkan resistensi insulin sehingga glukosa sulit untuk memasuki sel dan menyebabkan kadar glukosa darah meningkat pada penyakit Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Lingkar pinggang merupakan salah satu indikator yang digunakan untuk mengukur obesitas sentral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang hubungan antara obesitas sentral dengan kadar HbA1c.

Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah penduduk dewasa usia 30-50 tahun di Lingkungan Batursari, Desa Bitera, Gianyar. Data yang diambil meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, lingkar pinggang, IMT, kadar HbA1c pada 50 responden yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling. Hubungan antara obesitas sentral dengan kadar HbA1c dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dengan derajat kemaknaan 0,05.

Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mengalami obesitas sentral berdasarkan lingkar pinggang (60%). Jumlah responden dengan kadar HbA1c ≥ 6,5% sebesar 30%. Uji korelasi Pearson Product Moment antara obesitas sentral dengan kadar HbA1c dengan nilai p = 0,001 dan nilai Pearson Correlation r = 0,456.

Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan positif bermakna antara obesitas sentral dengan kadar HbA1c.

Introduction: Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi which is still widely found in various developing countries, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Widal test is an agglutination reaction between antigen and S. typhi O titer antibodies> 1/160 and S. typhi H titer >1/160, Aglutinin that is specific to Salmonella typhi in the serum of patients with typhoid fever.

Methods: This research was descriptive observational cross sectional. The population of the study was patients from the East Denpasar Health Center 1 who presented with clinical symptoms that supported.

Result: There were 10 sample (30%) aged 0-10 years, 12 sample (36%) people aged 11-20 years, 7 sample (21%) aged 21-30 years, and 4 sample (12%) people aged >30 year. Samples with clinical symptoms of fever> 37 ° C with digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) with or without impaired consciousness were 18 samples (55%). Samples with clinical symptoms of fever> 37 ° C with digestive tract disorders were 11 samples (33%). Samples with fever> 37 ° C were 4 samples (12%)

Conclusion: There were 3% of positive widal test and 97% of negative widal test in the East Denpasar Health Center 1.

Latar Belakang: Demam tifoid merupakan suatu penyakit infeksi akut sistemik yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella typhi yang masih dijumpai secara luas di berbagai negara berkembang terutama di daerah tropis dan subtropics. Uji Widal adalah suatu reaksi aglutinasi antara antigen dan antibody S. typhi O titer > 1/160 dan S. typhi H titer >1/160, Aglutinin yang spesifik  terhadap  Salmonella  typhi  terhadap dalam serum penderita demam  tifoid.

Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional cross sectional deskriptif Populasi Penelitian adalah pasien dari Puskesmas Denpasar Timur 1 datang dengan gejala klinis yang mendukung.

Hasil: Rentang usia dari 33 pasien subjek penelitian, terdapat 10 sampel(30%) berusia 0 – 10 tahun, 12 sampel  (36 %) sampel berusia 11 – 20 tahun, 7 sampel (21%) berusia 21-30 tahun,  dan 4 sampel  (12 %) sampel berusia > 30 tahun. Sampel dengan gejala klinis demam > 37 °C dengan gangguan pencernaan (mual, muntah, nyeri perut) dengan atau tanpa gangguan kesadaran sebanyak 18 sampel (55%). Sampel dengan gejala klinis demam > 37°C dengan gangguan saluran pencernaan sebanyak 11 sampel (33%). Sampel dengan demam >37°C sebanyak 4 sampel (12%)

Simpulan: Terdapat 3% sampel dengan widal positif dan 97% sampel dengan widal negatif di Puskesmas Denpasar Timur 1.

Introduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death on children in Indonesia with a percentage reaching 21%, especially in infants aged less than 2 months. In the world, this disease is the number one killer of children where more than two million children have died from it, or causes one in five under-five deaths worldwide every year. High pneumonia morbidity and mortality rates are closely related to the quality of services, and the quality of resources in a health facility, up to the cost of treatment.

Method: This research is an observational research with descriptive research design, and uses crossectional data collection methods (cross section). This study aims to determine the description of pneumonia treatment consisting of direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs of the average cost therapy for pneumonia in pediatric patients at the Sanglah Hospital inpatient care in 2018.

Result: Data were obtained from 21 samples of children with pneumonia. The average direct medical cost of patients was Rp. 3,838,270, the average direct non-medical cost is Rp. 1,443,076, and the average indirect cost is Rp. 941.905.

Conclusion: The average direct medical cost of a patient is Rp. 3,838,270, room costs are the largest component, 26.9% of the average total medical costs. The average direct non-medical cost of patients is Rp. 1,443,076, consumption costs are the largest component of non-medical costs, 51.3% of the average total non-medical costs. Average patient indirect costs are Rp. 941.905, maternal productivity costs are the largest indirect cost component, 67.8% of the average total indirect costs.

Latar Belakang: Pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada balita di Indonesia dengan persentase mencapai 21%, terutama pada bayi yang berumur kurang dari 2 bulan. Di dunia, penyakit ini menjadi pembunuh nomor satu balita dimana lebih dari dua juta balita telah meninggal karenanya, atau penyebab satu dari lima kematian balita di seluruh dunia setiap tahunnya. Angka kesakitan dan kematian pneumonia yang tinggi sangat terkait dengan mutu layanan dan kualitas sumber daya di suatu fasilitas kesehatan, sampai dengan pembiayaan terapinya.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian observasional dengan rancangan penelitian deskriptif, dan menggunakan metode pengambilan data crossectional (potong lintang) untuk mengetahui gambaran pengobatan pneumonia yang terdiri dari biaya medis langsung, biaya non medis langsung, dan biaya tidak langsung dari rata-rata biaya terapi pneumonia pada pasien anak di instalasi rawat inap RSUP Sanglah pada tahun 2018.

Hasil: Data dari 21 sampel pasien pneumonia anak, rerata biaya medis langsung pasien adalah sejumlah Rp. 3.838.270, rerata biaya non medis langsung adalah sejumlah Rp. 1.443.076, dan reratabiaya tidak langsung adalah sejumlah Rp. 941.905.

Simpulan: Rerata biaya medis langsung pasien adalah sejumlah Rp. 3.838.270, biaya kamar adalah komponen terbesar, 26.9% dari rerata total biaya medis. Rerata biaya non medis langsung pasien adalah Rp. 1.443.076, biaya konsumsi adalah komponen biaya non medis terbesar, 51.3% dari rerata total biaya non medis. Rerata biaya tidak langsung pasien adalah Rp. 941.905, biaya produktifitas ibu adalah komponen biaya tidak langsung terbesar, 67.8% dari rerata total biaya tidak langsung.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a large number of cases and is characterized by conditions of hyperglycemia that occur due to abnormal insulin secretion, insulin action or both. One of the complications of diabetes is a stroke caused by hypertension. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship of blood sugar levels with hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Sanglah General Hospital.

Methods: This study used observational analytic research with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects in this study were patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who entered the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument used was a mercury meter to measure blood pressure, as well as medical record data to see blood glucose levels. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS v. 22 to carry out the Pearson correlation test with a significance value of p <0.05.

Results: 45 respondents enrolled in this study, with an average age of 64.38 ± 9.719 years. Age 60 - 80 years (55.6%) and women (51.1%) were dominant in this study. Obtained respondents with conditions of hyperglycemia as much as 17.8% and experiencing stage 1 hypertension of 66.7% and stage 2 hypertension of 33.3%. The results of hypothesis testing with Pearson correlation test obtained r= -0.532 and p = 0.041 on systolic blood pressure and r = -0.535 and p = 0.040 on diastolic blood pressure (p <0.05).

Conclusions: There is a correlation between blood glucose levels with hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Latar Belakang: Diabetes mellitus merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik dengan jumlah kasus yang besar serta ditandai dengan kondisi hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya. Salah satu komplikasi dari diabetes adalah stroke yang disebabkan oleh hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar gula darah dengan hipertensi pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di RSUP Sanglah.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan secara cross-sectional. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah pasien diabates mellitus tipe 2 yang masuk kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tensi meter air raksa untuk mengukur tekanan darah, serta data rekam medik untuk melihat kadar glukosa darah. Data yang diperoleh di analisis menggunakan SPSS v. 22 untuk dilakukan uji korelasi pearson dengan nilai signifikansi p < 0,05.

Hasil: 45 responden ikut serta dalam penelitian ini, dengan rerata usia 64,38 ± 9,719 tahun. Usia 60 – 80 tahun (55,6%) dan perempuan (51,1%) dominan dalam penelitian ini. Diperoleh responden dengan kondisi hiperglikemia sebanyak 17,8% dan mengalami hipertensi tahap 1 sebesar 66,7% serta hipertensi tahap 2 sebesar 33,3%. Hasil uji hipotesis dengan uji korelasi pearson diperoleh r= -0,532 dan p= 0,041 pada tekanan darah sistolik dan r= -0,535 dan p= 0,040 pada tekanan darah diastolik (p< 0,05).

Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kadar gula darah dengan hipertensi pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2.

Background: Peel of a red dragon fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) is rarely utilized which is usually just thrown way, even though it contains such high antioxidants such as phenols, flavonoids and also anthocyanins.

Methods: This study aims to determine the effect of red dragon fruit skin extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) on MDA levels of lung in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. This research is an experimental study with Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The sample consisted of 30 rats aged 2-3 months which were divided into 5 groups each amounting to 6 rats, namely 1 negative control group was not given exposure to cigarette smoke, 1 group of positive cock was exposed to cigarette smoke, 3 treatment groups were given exposure cigarette smoke and administration of red dragon fruit skin extract with doses of 20mg, 40mh and 80mg for 14 days. The parameters measured were MDA levels of the lung.

Results: The mean MDA level of lung control group 1 was 0.146 ± 0.02 nmol / ml, the mean of control group 2 was 0.166 ± 0.01 nmol / ml, the mean of treatment group 1 was 0.168 ± 0.03 nmol / ml, treatment group 2 was 0.153 ± 0.02 nmol / ml, and treatment group 3 was 0.776 ± 0.09 nmol / ml. The significance analysis with the One Way Anova test shows that the value of F = 1.34 and the value of p = 0.282, where the value of p> 0.05

Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the control group and the treatment group or between treatment group 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3. 

Latar Belakang: Kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) merupakan limbah yang sangat jarang dimanfaatkan, biasanya kulit buah naga merah hanya dibuang begitu saja, padalah mengandung antioksidan yang begitu tinggi seperti fenol, flavonoid dan juga antiosianin.

Metode: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap kadar MDA paru pada tikus yang dipaparkan asap rokok. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan Post-Test Only Control Group Design. Sampel terdiri dari 30 ekor tikus yang berumur 2-3 bulan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok masing-masing berjumlah 6 ekor tikus, yaitu 1 kelompok kontrol negative tidak diberikan paparan asap rokok, 1 kelompok kontrol positif diberikan paparan asap rokok, 3 kelompok perlakuan diberikan paparan asap rokok dan pemberian ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dengan dosis 20mg, 40mg dan 80mg selama 14 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar MDA paru.

Hasil: Rerata kadar MDA paru kelompok kontrol 1 adalah 0,146 ± 0,02 nmol/ml, rerata kelompok kontrol 2 adalah 0,166 ± 0,01 nmol/ml, rerata kelompok perlakuan 1 adalah 0,168 ± 0,03 nmol/ml, kelompok perlakuan 2 adalah 0,153 ± 0,02 nmol/ml, dan kelompok perlakuan 3 adalah 0,776 ± 0,09 nmol/ml. Analisis kemaknaan dengan uji One Way Anova menunjukan bahwa nilai F= 1,34 dan nilai p= 0,282, dimana nilai p>0,05

Introduction: Diarrhea is still a major problem that causes illness and death for children in Indonesia. Inappropriate care, both at home and in health agencies, is a major cause of deaths of children with diarrhea.

Method: The design of this study was descriptive with a cross sectional study design. The design of this study aims to be able to describe the implementation of cross diarrhea and the use of antidiarrheal drugs for pediatric patients with diarrhea at RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. The data used in the form of secondary data obtained from the medical records of Sanglah Hospital RSUP patients Denpasar January 2017-April 2017. The technique of determining the sample used is total sampling where all target populations that meet the criteria are included as samples.

Result: The most widely used cross group of diarrheas was ORS (Oral Rehydration solution) (17.9%). The most commonly used antidiarrhea drug is adsorbent (11.6%).

Conclusion: The most widely used cross-diarrhea group was ORS (Oral Rehydration solution) followed by the antibiotic group and so on the zinc group. There are minority cases that have given negative results on antibiotics. The most widely used group of antidiarrheal drugs was the adsorbent followed by the class of antimotility drugs and so on other classes of drugs such as probiotics and herbal medicines

Latar Belakang: Diare masih menjadi masalah utama yang menyebabkan sakit dan kematian bagi anak-anak di Indonesia. Perawatan yang tidak tepat, baik dirumah maupun di instansi kesehatan, merupakan penyebab utama kematian anak-anak dengan diare.

Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Rancangan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat menggambarkan implementasi lintas diare dan penggunaan obat antidiare terhadap pasien anak dengan diare di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang didapat dari rekam medis pasien Anak RSUP Sanglah Denpasar bulan Januari 2017-April 2017. Teknik penentuan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling dimana seluruh populasi target yang memenuhi kriteria dimasukan sebagai sampel.

Hasil: Golongan lintas diare paling banyak digunakan adalah cairan rehidrasi yaitu oralit sebanyak 34 (17,9%). Penggunaan obat antidiare paling sering digunakan adalah adsorben sebanyak 22 (11,6%).

Background: Obesity is one of the health and nutrition problems of the world community, both in developed countries and in developing countries. One effort to solve obesity is being a vegetarian. Vegetarian diet is a diet that only requires vegetable products with or without milk and eggs. This study aims to study the event of obesity in the vegetarian community in the dormitory of Sri Sri Radravanavan Chandra Singaraja.

Methods: This type of descriptive research is carried out by using a retrospective approach. Data collection starting from events that have occurred or are ongoing to do a description of general characteristics and specific variables of the study to answer the research objectives. Variables that have been recorded will be determined by the prevalence of hypertension and overweight. The subjects of the study were hypertensive patients in middle-aged with overweight based on data obtained from East Denpasar Puskesmas I. Sampling was done using a random sampling method. the type of research is descriptive study, that means this research only makes a description of the data that has been obtained by using a questionnaire on vegetarians in the dormitory of Radha Vrindavan Candra Singaraja. Data retrieval was taken by the Total Sampling method. Distribution of researcsh variables were BMI, Percent fat and Hip Waist Circumference. 30 samples that meet the inclusion criteria were included in this study.

Results: body mass index variables show that in Male as many as 12 samples (80%) were classified as healthy and had an average body mass index (SB) of 22.9 (2.13) kg / m2. In the variable body mass index, 14 of female samples (93.3%) were classified as healthy and had a mean body mass index (SB) of 23.7 (1.63) kg / m2. In Percent Body Fat variables, male shows as many as 4 samples (26.7%) are included in the category of slightly overlap with an average Percent Body Fat (SB) of 15.6 (4.96%). In Percent Body Fat variables, females as many as 11 samples (73.3%) were optimal, with an average Percent Body Fat (SB) of 17.4 (3.24%). In the Hip Waist Ratio variable male as many as 9 samples (60%) were at risk of replacing obesity, with an average Hip Waist Ratio (SB) of 0.9 (0.03%). In the female Hip Waist Ratio variable, 12 samples (80%) were at risk of obtaining mercy with an average Hip Waist Ratio (SB) of 0.87 (0.02%).

Conclusions: Based on body mass index, in the male sample it was found that 20% were overweight, while women were only 6.7%. Based on Percent Body Fat, the incidence of obesity was only found in male sex (20%), 13.3% of women included in the slightly overfat category. Based on the Hip Waist Ratio, 80% of women are at risk of obesity, while men are 60%.

Latar Belakang: Kegemukan merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan dan gizi masyarakat dunia, baik di negara maju maupun di negara berkembang. Salah satu upaya mengatasi kegemukan adalah dengan mengatur pola makan vegetarian Vegetarian adalah pola makan yang hanya mengkonsumsi produk nabati dengan atau tanpa susu dan telur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian kegemukan pada masyarakat vegetarian di asrama sri sri radha vrndavan candra singaraja.

Metode: Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif yaitu rancangan penelitian yang hanya melakukan deskripsi mengenai data yang telah diperoleh yaitu dengan menggunakan kuisioner pada masyarakar vegetarian di asrama ari ari radha vrndavan candra singaraja. Pengambilan data di ambil dengan metode Total Sampling. Distribusi variable penelitian yaitu IMT, Persen lemak dan Lingkar Pinggang Pinggul. 30 sampel yang termasuk kriteria inklusi diikutsertakan dalam dalam penelitian ini.

Hasil: laki-laki sebanyak 12 sample (80%) tergolong healty dan memiliki rata-rata Indeks Masa Tubuh (IMT) (SB) 22,9 (2,13) kg/m². IMT perempuan 14 sample (93,3%) tergolong healty dan memiliki rata-rata IMT (SB) 23,7 (1,63) kg/m². PLT laki-laki sebanyak 4 sampel (26,7%) termasuk dalam kategori slighty overfat dengan rata-rata PLT (SB) 15,6 (4,96%). Persen Lemak Tubuh (PLT) perempuan sebanyak 11 sampel (73,3%) tergolong optimal, dengan rata-rata PLT (SB) 17,4 (3,24%). RLPP laki-laki sebanyak 9 sampel (60%) beresiko mengalami kegemukan, dengan rata-rata Rasio Lingkar Pinggang Pinggul (RLPP) (SB) 0,9 (0,03%). RLPP perempuan yaitu 12 sampel (80%) beresiko mengalami kegemukan dengan rata-rata RLPP (SB) 0,87 (0,02%).

Introduction: The public's interest in online games is seen by the growing number of internet cafes and online games that are increasingly in Indonesia. Online games are starting to be considered something addictive. Position and duration of playing online game players that are usually more than 4 hours causes online game players often experience lower back pain. This study aims to determine the position and duration of sitting with low back pain in online game players.

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytic study with a qualitative study design. The research data uses primary data taken directly by filling out the questionnaire in Game Online in the West Denpasar sub-district for the period November 2018 to December 2018. The sample collection technique uses the total sampling method.

Result: The total sample in this study was 80 respondents, based on age distribution ranging from 17 to 30 years with an average age of 20.86 years. The highest proportion of body mass index in the risk group (> 23.0) was 55 people (68.75%). The proportion of ergonomic sitting positions is 20 people (25%) while the proportion of non-ergonomic sitting positions is 60 people (75%). The proportion of respondents who sat ≤4 hours was 23 people (28.75%) while the proportion of respondents sitting> 4 hours was 57 people (71.25%). The proportion of respondents who complained of low back pain was 60 people (75%) and those who did not complain of 20 lower back pain (25%). The highest proportion who experience low back pain in respondents with non-ergonomic sitting position is 75%. The highest proportion who experienced low back pain in respondents with a sitting time> 4 hour was 71.25%.

Conclusion: Non-ergonomic sitting position and duration sitting that more than 4 hours are risk factors that affect lower back pain in online game players.

Latar Belakang: Ketertarikan masyarakat terhadap game online tampak dengan berkembangnya usaha warung internet dan game-online yang semakin banyak di Indonesia. Aktivitas duduk dengan posisi dan durasi waktu bermain pemain game online yang biasanya lebih dari 4 jam menyebabkan para pemain game online sering mengalami nyeri punggung bawah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan posisi dan lama duduk dengan nyeri punggung bawah pada pemain game online.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik cross-sectional dengan desain studi kualitatif. Data penelitian menggunakan data primer yang diambil langsung dengan pengisian kuisioner di Game Online wilayah kecamatan Denpasar Barat periode November 2018 hingga Desember 2018. Teknik pengumpulan sampel menggunakan metode total sampling.

Hasil: Total sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 80 responden, berdasarkan distribusi usia berkisar 17 hingga 30 tahun dengan rerata usia 20,86 tahun. Proporsi indeks massa tubuh terbanyak pada kelompok berisiko (>23,0) sebanyak 55 orang (68,75%). Proporsi posisi duduk ergonomis sebanyak 20 orang (25%) sedangkan proporsi posisi duduk tidak ergonomis sebesar 60 orang (75%). Proporsi responden yang duduk 4jam sebesar 23 orang (28,75%) sedangkan proporsi responden yang duduk >4jam sebesar 57 orang (71,25%). Proporsi responden yang mengeluh nyeri punggung bawah ada 60 orang (75%) dan yang tidak mengeluh adanya nyeri punggung bawah sebanyak 20 orang (25%). Proporsi paling banyak yang mengalami nyeri punggung bawah pada responden dengan posisi duduk tidak ergonomis sebesar 75%. Proporsi paling banyak yang mengalami nyeri punggung bawah pada responden dengan lama duduk >4jam sebesar 71,25%.

Introduction: Smoking habits are behaviors that are now still seen in various country and these behaviors are really difficult to eliminate. Each cigarette dangerous chemicals like nicotine that can be effect to health especially smokers, one of this effect is erectile dysfunction. In this Study, the aim was to determine how much influence smoking habits can affect to erectile problem in security officers at Udayana University Sudirman.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted at Udayana Universitas Sudirman with 10 participants and obtained from filling IIEF-5 questionnaire (International Index of Erectile Dysfunction) and active smoker questionnaire that were distributed directly to the participants.

Result: The results of this study was shown that almost 40% security officers had mild erectile dysfunction. This study is observer from Non-Probability Sampling especially in convenient sampling to look the effect of smoking habits that against erectile dysfunction.

Conclusion: The security officer at Udayana University in Sudirman with smoking habits almost all experienced erectile dysfunction with different categories of erectile dysfunction.

Latar Belakang: Kebiasaan merokok merupakan perilaku yang sekarang masih terlihat di berbagai negara dan perilaku tersebut sulit untuk menghilangkannya. Pada setiap batang rokok terkandung zat kimia yang berbahaya kesehatan para perokok dan salah satunya adalah Disfungsi Ereksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh kebiasaan merokok terhadap kejadian DE pada petugas keamanan di Universitas Udayana Sudirman.

Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah Cross-sectional Descriptive Study. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kampus Universitas Udayana Sudirman dengan jumlah responden 10 orang dan didapatkan dari pengisian kuesioner IIEF-5 (International Inde of Erectile Function) dan kuesioner perokok aktif yang dibagikan secara langsung pada responden.

Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian ini, menunjukan bahwa dari 10 petugas keamanan didapatkan 40% mengalami DE ringan. Di uji dari Non-Probability Sampling khususnya Convenient Sampling terhadap pengaruh kebiasaan merokok pada disfungsi ereksi.

Background: Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections and ranked second to the cause of infant mortality (23.8%) and toddlers (15.5%) in Indonesia. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be used as an indicator of the systemic inflammatory response due to pneumonia infection. This study aims to determine the difference in the value of RNL and the outcome of pediatric pneumonia.

Methods: Analytical observational study with cross-sectional study design was conducted among 40 children with pneumonia who were admitted to the Kaswari Room at Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar City from January 2018 - March 2019 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The sample is determined by consecutive sampling. In this study, data regarding complete blood count were obtained from medical record register books (documentation). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 for Mac OSX.

Result: There was no significant difference between patients with pneumonia who were hospitalized ≤ 4 days with those hospitalized> 4 days (P>0.05). Most of the samples were between 1 month to 1 year (62.5%) and more were male samples (55). There is a significant difference in the value of NLR (1.18 (0.07-13.83); p = 0.028) for the length of stay.

Conclusion: There are significant differences in the value of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in the length of stay of pediatric patients with pneumonia in the Kaswari room of Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar City.

 

Latar Belakang: Pneumonia merupakan salah satu penyebab infeksi saluran napas bawah terbanyak menduduki peringkat kedua penyebab kematian bayi (23,8%) dan balita (15,5%) di Indonesia. Rasio neutrofil-limfosit (RNL) dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu indikator terhadap respon inflamasi sistemik akibat infeksi pneumonia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai RNL pada luaran penyakit pneumonia anak.

Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional dilakukan terhadap 40 pasien anak dengan pneumonia yang dirawat di Ruang Kaswari RSUD Wangaya Kota Denpasar sejak bulan Januari 2018 – Maret 2019 serta memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan kriteria eksklusi Sampel ditentukan dengan cara consequtive sampling. Data tentang darah lengkap pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari buku register rekam medis (dokumentasi). Data dianalisis dengan SPSS versi 24 untuk Mac OSX.

Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pasien pneumonia yang dirawat inap ≤ 4 hari dengan yang dirawat inap > 4 hari (P>0,05). Sebagian besar sampel berusia antara 1 bulan hingga 1 tahun (62,5%) dan lebih banyak yang sampel berjenis kelamin laki-laki (55). Terdapat perbedaan nilai RNL yang signifikan (1,18 (0,07-13,83); p=0,028) pada lama rawat inap.

Simpulan:  Terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai rasio neutrofil-limfosit pada lama rawat pasien anak dengan pneumonia di ruang Kaswari RSUD Wangaya Kota Denpasar.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one type of degenerative disease that increases annually in countries around the world. Overweight and obesity can be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The leading cause of obesity is the unbalanced energy between the calories consumed and the calories used.

Aim: This study aims to find the relationship between BMI with fasting blood glucose in Niti Mandala Renon field in July 2018.

Methods: The study used cross sectional analytic approach, with samples were Niti Mandala field visitors Renon July 2018. The total sample was determined by correlation coefficient formula single sample.

Results: Fasting blood glucose levels have an average level of 81.6 mg/dl and data are normally distributed (p> 0.05). There was a positive correlation between BMI with fasting blood glucose levels (r = 0.295; p = 0.015).

Conclusion: There is a positive and significant weak correlation between BMI and fasting blood glucose levels of visitors to the Niti Mandala, Renon in July 2018.