Introduction: Surgery in special population such as children may lead to emotional and physical stress. Premedication use may be beneficial in children anesthesia to reduce emotional stress and anxiety but still to be used in special consideration with adjustment dose. Intranasal premedication provides a broad effect of sedation and anti-anxiety and maybe produce a beneficial effect in child anesthesia.

Aim: This study aimed to provide an overview regarding intranasal drugs and also intranasal premedication function in children

Conclusion: The intranasal application of pre-anesthetic drugs is the preferred route of administration and is an effective way to provide sedatives to children.

Polusi udara meningkatkan risiko menderita berbagai masalah kesehatan, terutama di bidang respirasi. Pajanan polusi udara terkait lalu lintas bersifat involunter dan mengenai manusia sejak dalam kandungan hingga kematian. Polutan udara mengandung bahan-bahan seperti nitrogen dioksida, sulfur dioksida, karbon monoksida, benzene, ozon, particulate matter 10 (PM10), timbal, arsenik, cadmium, nikel, benzopyrene, dan particulate matter 2,5 (PM2.5) yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan paru. Menentukan hubungan sebab akibat berbagai polutan utama dari jalan raya terhadap system respirasi manusia merupakan hal yang sangat rumit dilakukan. Secara umum dapat disimpulkan, polutan terkait lalu lintas akan mencetuskan reaksi inflamasi yang akan bergulir sesuai variasi individu manusia yang terpajan. Konsep stress oksidatif akibat polutan terkait lalu lintas juga mulai banyak diteliti. Hal ini memberikan harapan dalam membantu mekanisme anti-oksidan manusia dalam menghadapi ancaman polusi udara yang semakin sulit dihindari.

Introduction: Alginate impression material is the most commonly used in dentistry to get a negative mold of the oral tissues. Alginate impression material has imbibition effect when in contact with the liquid during the disinfection process. This study aimed to observe the imbibition effect on alginate impression material soaked and sprayed using Aloe vera juice.

Methods: The research method used was a laboratory experimental with pretest and posttest. Alginate was molded by using a mold with the size of 28 mm in diameter and 18 mm high. The results of molding alginate were soaked and sprayed using Aloe vera juice 100% for 5 minutes and 10 minutes. Calculation of imbibition was performed by weighing using digital scales. The normality tested by Shapiro-Wilk and the data were analyzed by Mann Whitney.

Result: The results showed that there were imbibition effects on alginate molding soaked and sprayed for 5 minutes and 10 minutes, the test indicated that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between 10 minutes and 5 minutes soaking. Meanwhile, between 5 minutes and 10 minutes spraying, no significant difference was obtained (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study concludes that it occurs the smallest imbibition effect on a spraying treatment using Aloe vera 100% for five minutes.

Introduction : Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease in Indonesia that could occur in all age groups. According to the WHO, about 60 - 90% school children worldwide have dental caries. The aims of this study were to analyze the correlation between snacking (consumption of snacks or sweetened drink), tooth brushing habit and dental visit with caries incidence.

Method: Study design using a cross-sectional analytical study, sampled from one hundred and two seventh grade Santo Yoseph junior high school students. Samples were chosen using purposive random sampling. The data was analyzed using descriptive method and risk estimate with chi-square test.

Result: The prevalence of caries observed in the samples was 52.0%. The results was statistically significant for correlation between tooth brushing habit and caries incidence (p= <0.001; OR= 7.44; CI 95%= 2.71 – 20.42). Consumption of snacks or sweetened drink (p= 0.25; OR= 1.58; CI 95%= 0.71–3.50) and dental visit (p=0.903; OR= 1.502; CI 95%= 0.46–2.37) were not statistically significant with caries incidence.

Conclusion: Tooth brushing habit was concluded as the most significant factor in dental caries incidence. It is recommended for school to educate the student about how to brushing teeth properly in collaboration with the primary health care centers.

Latar Belakang: Kesehatan gigi dan mulut merupakan bagian fundamental dari kesehatan umum dan berpengaruh terhadap kesejahteraan secara keseluruhan. Para ahli sepakat bahwa penyakit gigi dan mulut merupakan “behavioral disease” atau penyakit terkait perilaku. Faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut belum diketahui, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat determinan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perilaku perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak usia 12 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas I Baturiti, Tabanan.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional analitik. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah anak sekolah dasar yang berusia 12 tahun yang berada di wilayah kerja Puskesmas I Baturiti, Tabanan tahun ajaran 2016 dengan teknik simple random sampling.

Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil hubungan determinan dengan perilaku perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak usia 12 tahun berdasarkan pengetahuan yaitu p=0,007. Berdasarkan sikap dengan nilai p=0,033. Berdasarkan sumber informasi yaitu p=0,000. Berdasarkan dukungan orang tua yaitu p=0,028. Sedangkan berdasarkan dukungan guru diperoleh p=0,009.

Simpulan: Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan, sikap, sumber informasi, dukungan orang tua dan dukungan guru dan sekolah dengan perilaku perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak. Sumber Informasi merupakan faktor dominan dalam mempengaruhi perilaku perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak usia 12 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas I Baturiti, Tabanan.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: anal sphincter injury is one of the complications that often occur in vaginal delivery. The impact of anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery can reduce quality of life by causing various complaints such fecal incontinence, voiding disorders, sexual dysfunction, perineal pain and rectovaginal fistula. Assessment of risk factors is important to watch out for patients who are more prone to injury to the anal sphincter. This study aims to obtain a scoring system of various antenatal risk factors that can be used to predict the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury.

Methods: This study is a diagnostic test that uses predictive factors for various risk factors for anal sphincter injury in vaginal delivery. The research was carried out in maternity service at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Fatmawati General Hospital in the period February - July 2016. Analysis of the data in this study uses SPSS version 21.0. The analysis test used in this study is the calculation of odds ratio, logistic regression test, ROC curve analysis test to assess sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system.

Results: Nulliparous, estimated fetal weight ≥ 3,500 gr, perineum length ≤ 25 mm, estimated head circumference ≥33.5 were risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury (OR> 1; p <0.05). Through the scoring modeling system all risk factors can be converted into scores 1. The probability values of scores 1, 2, 3, 4 are 7%, 30%, 70% and 90% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system developed were 61.3% and 91.3% with a cut-off score of 2.

Conclusion: By knowing the prediction score before delivery, action can be taken to prevent the possibility of sphincter injury in obstetrics.

Background: Obesity is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes. There are two types of obesity the general obesity which measured using the body mass index (BMI) and central obesity measured by using waist circumference (WC) or waist/hip ratio. This research aims to investigate the correlation between body mass index and waist circumference among diabetic patients in Indonesian population.

Methods: The study was carried out using the cross-sectional plan, by analyzing the secondary data that was collected from previous research on diabetic patients that was conducted in Medical Faculty of Universitas Udayana, Bali. The research was done in 4 months from October 2015 - January 2016, and the data was categorized based on BMI, WC, gender, age, family history of diabetes and duration of diabetes mellitus.

Results: On a total of 96 sample there were 5 (5.2%) were having general obesity BMI >30 kg/m², while 61(63.5%) were having central obesity, where the WC measurement for a male was >102 cm and for a female was >88 cm. From the study, it proves that there was a strong correlation in between BMI and WC (r = 0.752, 𝑃 < 0.01). It indicates the correlation was positive and significant.

Background: Diarrhea defines as the increase of defecation frequency more than usual, which is more than three times per day, accompanied by the change of feces’ consistency become way waterier with or without blood and mucus. Risk factors that can cause diarrhea included the transmission of bacteria, immune deficiency from the host increases the vulnerable towards diarrhea and environment factor along behavior. The combination of unhealthy environmental factors because of tainted diarrhea bacteria and bad human behavior was the main cause of diarrhea. This research aims to know the correlation between clean and healthy lifestyle behavior of mother with the incidents of diarrhea in toddlers.

Methods: This research is an analytic study with cross-sectional approach. The data of this study were collected through questionnaire. The data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate.

Results: 50 samples were included in this study with 58% aged 20-30 years old. Bivariate analysis showed that clean and healthy lifestyle behavior category of mother, washing hand, and toilet usage were correlated with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers with PR (p-value) consecutively 1,9 (p=0.028); 3.9 (p=0.004); and 6.25 (p=0.002).

Conclusions: Majority of respondents have bad clean and healthy lifestyle behavior (CHLB) category, and the incidence of diarrhea in toddler tends to be more in mothers with bad clean and healthy lifestyle behavior (CHLB) category.

Latar Belakang: Pada perkembangan global yang sudah modern ternyata masih banyak kejadian infeksi cacing pada anak-anak. Infeksi cacing ini juga berhubungan dengan status gizi anak-anak. Beberapa penelitian juga menyebutkan bahwa kebersihan diri pada anak-anak sangat berpengaruh dengan terjadi nya infeksi cacing seperti perilaku mencuci tangan, memotong kuku, kebersihan yang dikonsumsi, dan masih banyak lagi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi cacing, dan juga hubungan status gizi serta kebersihan diri pada anak sekolah dasar di SD Negeri 1 Padangbulia Kecamatan Sukasada Kabupaten Buleleng.

Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan studi total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 127 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner tentang kebersihan diri untuk mendapatkan katagori baik dan buruk, serta perhitungan berat badan dan tinggi badan menggunakan timbangan dan microtoise.

Hasil: Dari 127 siswa, 20 siswa dikatagorikan kurus, 84 siswa dikatagorikan normal dan 11 orang dikatagorikan gemuk. Hampir sebagian besar kebersihan siswa sangat baik dengan rajin mencuci tangan, memotong kuku, makan makananan yang bersih, dan bermain dengan menggunakan alas kaki. Selain itu ditemukan 6 kasus dengan infeksi askariasis dan trikuriasis.

Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini kebersihan pada siswa sekolah dasar sudah baik begitu pula status gizinya. Kedepannya diharapkan adanya penelitian lebih lanjut dengan design penelitian yang lebih baik tentang infeksi cacing, status gizi, dan kebersihan diri. Prevalensi cacingan pada penelitian ini adalah 0,04%.

Introduction: MRSA is a bacteria that has experienced resistance to antibiotics, which generally has a function in killing Staphylococcus aureus, for the example Methicillin. In the worldwide MRSA prevalence is increasing, while the factors that cause the increase of the prevalence of MRSA is increasing the length of time of treatment in hospital, the misuse of antibiotics and poor infection control in the hospital. Laboratory tests were good and accurate were needed to identify MRSA as soon as possible so as to enable to conduct appropriate infection control. The aim of this study was to determine that the PCR can be used to confirm MRSA isolates.

Methods: This study used a cross sectional design on all isolated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from all clinical specimens examined at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar from 2011 until 2012.

Results: A total of 38 samples were used, 32 (84.2%) positive S. aureus confirmed mecA genes using PCR technique. However, there are still 15.8% who are misidentified, where the possibility of the bacteria is not MRSA or the retrieval technique from the bacteria itself when conducting the research.

Conclusion: MecA gene examination using PCR method is an examination that can be used to detect MRSA bacteria.

 

Latar Belakang: Sepsis merupakan suatu kondisi sindroma klinik yang terjadi oleh karena respon tubuh yang berlebihan terhadap suatu infeksi yang meliputi proses inflamasi, autoimun, dan koagulasi. Penanganan sepsis membutuhkan diagnosis yang cepat serta terapi yang tepat untuk menurunkan angka mortalitas yang diakibatkan oleh kondisi ini. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran sepsis yang disertai dengan hipoksia hepatik serta penanganan yang diberikan untuk menangani kondisi tersebut.

Kasus: Pasien laki-laki 68 tahun datang diantar keluarga ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Klungkung dengan keluhan penurunan kesadaran. pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan adanya sesak (laju respirasi 30 kali/menit), tekanan darah 60 mmHg per palpasi, saturasi 85% via non rebreathing mask oksigen 12 liter per menit, denyut nadi 122 kali per menit, GCS E1V3M4, suhu 35,9^o C. Kedua sklera tampak mengalami ikterus, dari pemeriksaan fisik paru ditemukan adanya ronkhi bilateral, akral teraba dingin. Melalui pemeriksaan complete blood count ditemukan adanya leukositosis (26,3 x 10⁹/L) dengan predominan limfosit (11,2 x 10⁹/L). Dari pemeriksaan fungsi hati ditemukan adanya peningkatan SGOT (473 mg/dl) dan SGPT (208 mg/dl), total protein yag rendah (4,6 mg/dl), dan albumin yang rendah (2,5 mg/dl). Pemeriksaan fungsi ginjal ditemukan adanya peningkatan dari ureum (137 mg/dl) dan kreatinin (2,1 mg/dl).

Simpulan: Penanganan sepsis harus didasarkan pada diagnosis cepat dan penanganan resusitasi yang tepat untuk mengurangi angka mortalitas yang disebabkan oleh sepsis.

Background: Alzheimer`s disease (AD) is a kind of dementia that causes impair of memory, intuition, and social life in elderly particularly. This study aims to know the public awareness, attitude, and knowledge of AD in Denpasar, Bali

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 70 participants at Sanglah General Hospital by using self-administered questionnaire during April-May 2018 period. Subjects selection using simple random sampling method. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS ver. 17 to know the percentage or proportion regarding with attitude and knowledge of AD.

Results: About 39% of participants have a good knowledge, followed by 20% poor knowledge, and 41% don’t know about AD. The study found that 50% of participants have a good attitude, 25% poor attitude, and don’t have attitude regarding with AD. Data comparison showed that students scored higher for attitude than knowledge about 11%.

Conclusion: Most of the participants at Sanglah General Hospital have a poor knowledge and attitude regarding with HD

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the vast majority of countries worldwide that is triggered by several risk factors This study aims to determine the level of awareness among female medical students towards risk factors of breast cancer at Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 56 female medical students of Udayana University. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 25 questions were used where 0 indicates for wrong answers or “don‟t know‟ and a one is given for the correct answer. A total score of >20 is considered having an excellent level of awareness, 16-20 for good level of awareness, 10-15 for moderate level of awareness, and < 10 means poor level of awareness.

Result: Most of participants had moderate level of awareness (71.4%), followed by a poor level of awareness (17.9%), good level of awareness (10.7%), and there were no participants had high level of awareness (0%).

Background: Ultraviolet B (UV-B) rays exposure is a leading cause of sunburn, skin dryness and skin aging by influencing the dermal elastic fibers. This photoaging effect was caused by damage of fibrillin-1 as a microfibrillar network. This study aims to evaluate the effect of red-cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra) ethanolic extract in cream preparation on dermis-elastic fibers thickness in male Wistar rats after UV-B exposure.

Methods: A randomized post-test only control group design was conducted among 25 male Wistar rats during 2 weeks. They were divided into 5 groups as follows: control group (P1), basic cream (P2), 5% ethanolic extract of red cabbage cream (P3), 10% ethanolic extract of red cabbage cream (P4), and 20% ethanolic extract of red cabbage cream (P5). The UV-B dosage used are 325 mJ/cm² among groups prior to study. The dermis-elastic fiber thickness was assessed by Image Raster software. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20 in measuring normality test, mean, and ANOVA

Results: There was a statistically significant difference of dermal-elastic fibers thickness among groups (P < 0.05). The mean of dermis-elastic fiber thickness was 6.125±0.376 µm in P5 group, followed by 4.075±0.266 µm in P4 group, and 3.114±0.290 µm, 2.109±0.420 µm, and 1.907±0.454 µm in P3, P2, and P1 group respectively.

ABSTRAK
Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang menyerang salah satu bagian dan atau lebih dari saluran napas. ISPA sering dijumpai di negara-negara berkembang. Sebagai negara berkembang, Indonesia menduduki posisi keempat bersama dengan Bangladesh dan Nigeria. Sedangkan Bali memiliki angka periode prevalensi sebesar 22,6% dimana angka tersebut tidak jauh dari angka periode prevalensi ISPA di Indonesia yaitu 25,0%. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan ISPA terutama jenis kelamin, status gizi dan berat badan lahir terhadap balita penderita ISPA. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi analitik cross-sectional. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 223 orang yang diambil secara konsekutif di Puskesmas Banjarangkan II Klungkung pada rentang waktu 1 Januari 2016 s.d. 31 Desember 2016. Data penelitian adalah data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa balita dengan ISPA cenderung lebih banyak pada usia 1-3 tahun (57,9%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (62,6%), status gizi baik (89,9%), dan berat badan lahir normal (88,5%). Hasil analisis menggunakan uji chi-square menyatakan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin (p=0,003), status gizi (p<0,0001), dan berat badan lahir (p<0,0001) dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita.Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara variabel jenis kelamin, status gizi dan berat badan lahir dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita.

Kata Kunci: balita, ISPA, jenis kelamin, status gizi, berat badan lahir

 
ABSTRACT
THE RELATION BETWEEN GENDER, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND BIRTH WEIGHT WITH THE INCIDENCE OF URTI IN CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEARS OLD AT PUSKESMAS BANJARANGKAN II IN 2016

Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an acute infection disease affecting one or more upper respiratory tracts. This infection is often found in developing countries. As a developing country, Indonesia holds the fourth position together with Bangladesh and Nigeria. Meanwhile, Bali has the prevalence number of 22.6% in which this number is not much different with Indonesia’s of 25.0%. The objective of this study was to find out the factors which were related to upper respiratory tract infection such as gender, nutritional status, and birth weight of children below 5 years old infected with URTI in particular. This research was a cross sectional analytic study involving 223 samples who were gathered consecutively at Puskesmas Banjarangkan II Klungkung from 1 january 2016 till 31 December 2016. The data obtained were secondary data in form of medical records. The result showed that children with URTI tended to be 1-3 years old (57.9%), male (62.6%), and have good nutritional status (89.9%) and normal birth weight (88.5%). The data were analyzed using Chi-square test which showed that there was significant relation between gender (p=0.003), nutritional status (p<0.0001), and birth weight (p<0.0001) with the URTI incidence in children below 5 years old.There was significant relation between gender, nutritional status, and birth weight with the URTI incidence in children below 5 years old.

Keywords: children below 5 years old, upper respiratory tract infection, gender, nutritional status, birth weight