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Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) eksklusif sebagai faktor protektif terjadinya stunting pada balita: sebuah tinjauan sistematik



Abstract

Background. Stunting is short according to age as measured by the index of height/body length according to age (TB/U or PB/U). Stunting is a major nutritional problem in developing countries, with a global incidence of 149 million in 2020. Prevention of stunting can be done with nutritional interventions in the first thousand days of life, one of which is exclusive breastfeeding. This systematic review aims to determine exclusive breastfeeding as a protective factor for stunting in toddlers.

Method. This systematic review was conducted by searching for studies on electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. The study selection was done according to the PRISMA diagram and the eligibility criteria. The study assessment was performed using a checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute for cross-sectional and case-control studies.

Results. A total of 24 studies consisting of 14 cross-sectional studies and 10 case-control studies were included in the analysis. The majority of studies are from Indonesia. The majority of the study samples were male and received exclusive breastfeeding. The incidence of stunting is more common in toddlers who do not receive exclusive breastfeeding. A total of 22 out of 24 studies found a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. Exclusive breastfeeding as a protective factor for stunting was found to have varying odds ratio (OR) values, ranging from 0.15 (0.07-0.31) to 61 (21-174).

Conclusion. The incidence of stunting is more common in toddlers who do not receive exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is a protective factor against stunting in toddlers.

 

Latar belakang. Stunting merupakan pendek menurut umur yang diukur melalui indeks tinggi/panjang badan menurut umur (TB/U atau PB/U). Stunting merupakan permasalahan gizi utamanya di negara berkembang dengan angka kejadian global sebanyak 149 juta pada tahun 2020. Pencegahan stunting dapat dilakukan dengan intervensi gizi dalam seribu hari pertama kehidupan, salah satunya dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemberian ASI eksklusif sebagai faktor protektif terjadinya stunting pada balita.  

Metode. Tinjauan sistematik ini dilakukan pencarian studi pada basis data elektronik berupa Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, dan PubMed. Pemilihan studi dilakukan sesuai dengan diagram PRISMA dan menggunakan kriteria eligibilitas. Penilaian studi dilakukan dengan menggunakan ceklist dari the Joanna Briggs Institute untuk studi cross-sectional dan kasus-kontrol.

Hasil. Sebanyak 24 studi yang terdiri atas 14 studi cross-sectional dan 10 studi kasus-kontrol diikutkan dalam analisis. Studi mayoritas berasal dari Indonesia. Mayoritas sampel penelitian berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan mendapatkan ASI eksklusif. Kejadian stunting lebih banyak ditemukan pada balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif. Sebanyak 22 dari 24 studi menemukan hubungan signifikan antara pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Pemberian ASI eksklusif sebagai faktor protektif stunting ditemukan memiliki nilai odds ratio (OR) yang bervariasi, yakni antara 0,15 (0,07-0,31) hingga 61 (21-174).    

Simpulan. Kejadian stunting lebih banyak ditemukan pada balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif. Pemberian ASI eksklusif merupakan faktor protektif terhadap kejadian stunting pada balita.

Keywords: ASI eksklusif balita gizi anak stunting pediatri

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How to Cite

I Kadek Ariarta Mahartama. (2022). Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) eksklusif sebagai faktor protektif terjadinya stunting pada balita: sebuah tinjauan sistematik. Intisari Sains Medis, 13(3), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v13i3.1500
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