Necrotizing fasciitis: sebuah tinjauan pustaka

Pande Agung Mahariski; Ni Luh Putu Ratih Vibriyanti Karna; Luh Made Mas Rusyati; Aditya Permana; Ratih Purnamasari Nukana; Pande Tiara Maharani

doi:10.15562/ism.v13i3.1475

Necrotizing fasciitis: sebuah tinjauan pustaka

Pande Agung Mahariski ,

Ni Luh Putu Ratih Vibriyanti Karna ,

Luh Made Mas Rusyati ,

Aditya Permana ,

Ratih Purnamasari Nukana ,

Pande Tiara Maharani ,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v13i3.1475 |
Published: 2023-02-02

Abstract

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an infection of the skin to subcutaneous tissue characterized by necrosis of the muscle fascia and subcutaneous tissue. The typical clinical signs and symptoms of NF begin with pain, followed by an inflammatory response. Necrotizing fasciitis is generally caused by infection with immune disorders, old age, peripheral vascular disease, and obesity have been reported to be associated with the incidence of NF. Cases of NF have symptoms similar to those of cellulitis or abscesses. Surgery is currently the gold standard of therapy if NF is suspected or diagnosed. Surgical exploration and debridement of the affected tissue should be performed immediately. Improving knowledge of NF and immediate treatment are needed due to serious, life-threatening infections with a mortality rate exceeding 30%.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) infeksi pada kulit hingga jaringan dibawah kulit dengan karakteristik adanya nekrosis pada fasia otot dan jaringan subkutan. Gejala dan tanda klinis khas dari NF diawali dengan nyeri kemudian diikuti respons inflamasi. Necrotizing fasciitis umumnya disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi dengan gangguan kekebalan, usia tua, penyakit pembuluh darah perifer, dan obesitas telah dilaporkan berkaitan dengan kejadian NF. Kasus-kasus NF memiliki gejala yang mirip dengan selulitis atau abses. Saat ini pembedahan merupakan terapi gold standard ketika dicurigai atau didiagnosis dengan NF. Pada Eksplorasi bedah dan debridemen jaringan yang terkena harus segera dilakukan. Diperlukan peningkatan pemahaman NF dan penanganan segera karena NF merupakan infeksi serius yang mengancam jiwa dengan angka kematian melebihi 30%.

References

van Stigt SFL, de Vries J, Bijker JB, Mollen RMHG, Hekma EJ, Lemson SM, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg. 2016;11(21):1-16.
Wallace HA, Perera TB. Necrotizing Fasciitis. In Treasure Island (FL); 2021 (disitasi pada 13 September 2021):1-35. Tersedia pada: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430756/
Erichsen Andersson A, Egerod I, Knudsen VE, Fagerdahl A-M. Signs, symptoms and diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis experienced by survivors and family: a qualitative Nordic multi-center study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(429):1-9.
Heijkoop B, Parker N, Spernat D. Fournier’s gangrene: not as lethal as previously thought? A case series. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(4):350–2.
Oud L, Watkins P. Contemporary trends of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and resource utilization of necrotizing fasciitis in Texas: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care Res Pract. 2015;2015:1-9.
Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Rochwerg B, Kyeremanteng K, Seely AJE, et al. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269(1):58–65.
Khalid M, Junejo S, Mir F. Invasive Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Aureus (CA-MRSA) Infections in Children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2018;28(9):S174–7.
Puvanendran R, Huey JCM, Pasupathy S. Necrotizing fasciitis. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(10):981–7.
Pakula AM, Kapadia R, Freeman B, Skinner RA. A 3-year experience with necrotizing fasciitis: favorable outcomes despite operative delays in a busy acute care hospital. Am Surg. 2012;78(10):1059–62.
Sugihara T, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H, Fujimura T, Ohe K, Matsuda S, et al. Impact of surgical intervention timing on the case fatality rate for Fournier’s gangrene: an analysis of 379 cases. BJU Int. 2012;110(11 Pt C):E1096-100.
Wang JM, Lim HK. Necrotizing fasciitis: Eight-year experience and literature review. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2014;18(2):137–43.
Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes. Curr Probl Surg. 2014;51(8):344–62.
Weiss A, Nelson P, Movahed R, Clarkson E, Dym H. Necrotizing fasciitis: Review of the literature and case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(11):2786–94.
Chen LL, Fasolka B, Treacy C. Necrotizing fasciitis: A comprehensive review. Nursing (Lond). 2020;50(9):34–40.
LaChance A, Kroshinksy D. Necrotizing Fasciitis, Necrotizing Cellulits, and Myonecrosis. Dalam: Kang S, Amagi M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, Orringer JS. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education. 2019:2770-2781.
Fais P, Viero A, Viel G, Giordano R, Raniero D, Kusstatscher S, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: case series and review of the literature on clinical and medico-legal diagnostic challenges. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(5):1357–66.
Lancerotto L, Tocco I, Salmaso R, Vindigni V, Bassetto F. Necrotizing fasciitis: Classification, diagnosis, and management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):560–6.
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJC, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10–52.
Rieger UM, Gugger CY, Farhadi J, Heider I, Andresen R, Pierer G, et al. Prognostic Factors in Necrotizing Fasciitis and Myositis: Analysis of 16 Consecutive Cases at a Single Institution in Switzerland. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58(5).523-30.
Van Stigt SFL, De Vries J, Bijker JB, Mollen RMHG, Hekma EJ, Lemson SM, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg. 2016;11(1):7–12.
Nabi Abdulla FA, Nazzal K, Almarzooq R. Prevalence and mortality rate of necrotizing fasciitis, 5 years’ experience in a single center. Bahrain Med Bull. 2021;43(1):373–5.
Tsai YH, Huang KC, Shen SH, Hsu WH, Peng KT, Huang TJ. Microbiology and surgical indicators of necrotizing fasciitis in a tertiary hospital of southwest Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(3):e159–65.

[1] van Stigt SFL, de Vries J, Bijker JB, Mollen RMHG, Hekma EJ, Lemson SM, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg. 2016;11(21):1-16.

[2] Wallace HA, Perera TB. Necrotizing Fasciitis. In Treasure Island (FL); 2021 (disitasi pada 13 September 2021):1-35. Tersedia pada: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430756/

[3] Erichsen Andersson A, Egerod I, Knudsen VE, Fagerdahl A-M. Signs, symptoms and diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis experienced by survivors and family: a qualitative Nordic multi-center study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(429):1-9.

[4] Heijkoop B, Parker N, Spernat D. Fournier’s gangrene: not as lethal as previously thought? A case series. ANZ J Surg. 2019;89(4):350–2.

[5] Oud L, Watkins P. Contemporary trends of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and resource utilization of necrotizing fasciitis in Texas: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care Res Pract. 2015;2015:1-9.

[6] Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Rochwerg B, Kyeremanteng K, Seely AJE, et al. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269(1):58–65.

[7] Khalid M, Junejo S, Mir F. Invasive Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Aureus (CA-MRSA) Infections in Children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2018;28(9):S174–7.

[8] Puvanendran R, Huey JCM, Pasupathy S. Necrotizing fasciitis. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(10):981–7.

[9] Pakula AM, Kapadia R, Freeman B, Skinner RA. A 3-year experience with necrotizing fasciitis: favorable outcomes despite operative delays in a busy acute care hospital. Am Surg. 2012;78(10):1059–62.

[10] Sugihara T, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H, Fujimura T, Ohe K, Matsuda S, et al. Impact of surgical intervention timing on the case fatality rate for Fournier’s gangrene: an analysis of 379 cases. BJU Int. 2012;110(11 Pt C):E1096-100.

[11] Wang JM, Lim HK. Necrotizing fasciitis: Eight-year experience and literature review. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2014;18(2):137–43.

[12] Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes. Curr Probl Surg. 2014;51(8):344–62.

[13] Weiss A, Nelson P, Movahed R, Clarkson E, Dym H. Necrotizing fasciitis: Review of the literature and case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(11):2786–94.

[14] Chen LL, Fasolka B, Treacy C. Necrotizing fasciitis: A comprehensive review. Nursing (Lond). 2020;50(9):34–40.

[15] LaChance A, Kroshinksy D. Necrotizing Fasciitis, Necrotizing Cellulits, and Myonecrosis. Dalam: Kang S, Amagi M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, Orringer JS. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education. 2019:2770-2781.

[16] Fais P, Viero A, Viel G, Giordano R, Raniero D, Kusstatscher S, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: case series and review of the literature on clinical and medico-legal diagnostic challenges. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(5):1357–66.

[17] Lancerotto L, Tocco I, Salmaso R, Vindigni V, Bassetto F. Necrotizing fasciitis: Classification, diagnosis, and management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):560–6.

[18] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJC, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10–52.

[19] Rieger UM, Gugger CY, Farhadi J, Heider I, Andresen R, Pierer G, et al. Prognostic Factors in Necrotizing Fasciitis and Myositis: Analysis of 16 Consecutive Cases at a Single Institution in Switzerland. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58(5).523-30.

[20] Van Stigt SFL, De Vries J, Bijker JB, Mollen RMHG, Hekma EJ, Lemson SM, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg. 2016;11(1):7–12.

[21] Nabi Abdulla FA, Nazzal K, Almarzooq R. Prevalence and mortality rate of necrotizing fasciitis, 5 years’ experience in a single center. Bahrain Med Bull. 2021;43(1):373–5.

[22] Tsai YH, Huang KC, Shen SH, Hsu WH, Peng KT, Huang TJ. Microbiology and surgical indicators of necrotizing fasciitis in a tertiary hospital of southwest Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(3):e159–65.

Necrotizing fasciitis: sebuah tinjauan pustaka

Abstract

References

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